The effect of interplay interval on adjunctive behavior in humans in a game-playing situation

Thirty-seven undergraduate students played two consecutive games of backgammon where manipulated interplay intervals were either 10, 22.5, 45, or 90 sec in length. When visual access to the opponent's play was blocked by a curtain during the second game, rates of movement, drinking, and eating increased over baseline rates prevailing in the first game. Grooming rate was not affected. Functions relating behavior rate to interplay interval were not bitonic for any of the behaviors; however, response distributions for drinking demonstrated postplay peaks at each interplay interval. Problems of classifying human behaviors into adjunctive versus faculatative categories were discussed.     

Isotype commitment of human B cells that are transformed by Epstein-Barr virus.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) can transform a subpopulation of preactivated B cells thus promoting their growth and differentiation into plasma cells. In EBV-transformed clones of IgM-producing cells, the heavy chain constant region (CH) genes on the productive allele are fixed in germ-line configuration, whereas in isotype-switched clones the CH genes proximal to the expressed CH gene are deleted. In order to define more precisely the EBV-susceptible B cells, we sorted subpopulations of B cells on the basis of their cell surface Ig (sIg) isotypes, infected them with EBV, and determined which isotypes they could produce following transformation. Most precursors of IgM-producing plasma cells expressed both IgM and IgD on their surface, while a minority expressed IgM alone. Some B cell precursors of IgG- and IgA-producing cells also expressed sIgM, but surprisingly none expressed IgD. Those precursors of IgG and IgA producers, which bore sIgM, expressed it in relatively low levels, whereas B cells expressing high levels of sIgM were incapable of generating IgG and IgA producers. All of the precursors of IgG and IgA plasma cells expressed these isotypes on their cell surface. Interestingly, precursor B cells capable of producing the IgG3 and IgA2 subclasses could be respectively enriched on the basis of the presence or absence of cell sIgM. These results demonstrate the isotype precommitment of EBV-transformable B cells. They further suggest that residual IgM is transiently expressed on the surface of the IgG- and IgA-committed B cell precursors, whereas sIgD expression is extinguished earlier in the process of isotype switching via CH gene deletion.     

Interlaminar connections of tree shrew visual cortex.

The intracortical projections of neurons in layers II and upper III of tree shrew visual cortex were studied after terminal lesions in the supragranular layers of area 17. Examination for terminal degeneration was made using ultrastructural techniques. The majority of degenerating terminals were found in layers V and, to a lesser extent, VI, and were presynaptic to neural profiles in the following distribution: 80.5% on spines of small to medium size dendrites, 19% on dendrite shafts, and less than 1% on neuronal perikarya. Degenerating axons coursed in vertical bundles through layers III, IV, V and VI. These findings are similar to those previously described in rat visual cortex.     

O6-Methylguanine methyltransferase activity is increased in rat tissues by ionising radiation

The effect of whole body ionising radiation from a linear acceleratoron rat tissue O⁶-methylguanine (O⁶-meG) methyl-transferase (MT)activity has been assessed using an assay which measures thetransfer of ³H-radioactivity from ³H-methylated substrate DNAto protein. The maximal effect occurred 2 days after a 1 kraddose, at which time activity in liver extracts was increased5-fold in two different rat strains. Activity in lung and kidneywas increased 4- and 2-fold, respectively. Similar degrees ofenhancement were found in these three tissues using an h.p.l.c.method for measuring MT activity. The increase in activity wasreflected in an increased capacity to repair O⁶-meG producedin liver DNA by administration of [¹⁴C]dimethylnitrosamine (DMN):this effect was dose dependent, being detectable after 30 radsand maximal after 600 rads. Incorporation of labelled breakdownproducts of the DMN into adenine in DNA increased as the doseradiation increased suggesting an inhibition of DNA synthesis.The implications of these results for the mechanism of enhancingO⁶-meG repair are discussed.     

Applanation tonometer tip sterilization for adenovirus type 8

Eighty-nine ophthalmologists in the Dallas-Fort Worth area were surveyed to find the methods used to sterilize applanation tonometer tips. Sixteen different methods were in use, with the most popular being alcohol wipes (26%) and diluted sodium hypochlorite soak (23%). Six of the most frequently used sterilization techniques were evaluated for removal of type 8 adenovirus applied to sterile tonometer tips. Adenovirus was removed or inactivated from applanation tonometer tip surfaces by using one of the following techniques: soaking inoculated tips for 15 minutes in diluted sodium hypochlorite (1:10 household bleach), 3% hydrogen peroxide, or 70% isopropyl alcohol; or wiping with alcohol "prep pads", 1:1000 merthiolate, or dry tissues.     

Histopathology of lung cancer in New Mexico, 1970-72 and 1980-81

In conjunction with a population-based case-control study of lung cancer in New Mexico, the histopathology of cases diagnosed during 1980 and 1981 and during 1970-72 was reviewed. Adequate histologic or cytologic material was obtained for 725 cases, with 308 during 1970-72 and 417 during 1980-81. The light microscopic histologic type was classified on the basis of review by 2 pathologists. No significant differences were found in the histologic-type distributions in Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites. In males, the distributions of histologic types were similar in the two time periods, but in non-Hispanic white women the proportion of adenocarcinoma declined during 1980-81 as the proportion of small cell carcinoma increased. The panel classification was compared with that recorded by the New Mexico Tumor Registry. Overall agreement was 52.1% for 1970-72 and increased to 65.2% for 1980-81. The discrepancies between the two classifications were largest for the categories of large cell undifferentiated carcinoma and "other malignancy."     

A randomised trial of bilateral erector spinae plane block vs. no block for thoracolumbar decompressive spinal surgery

Major spinal surgery causes significant postoperative pain. We tested the efficacy and safety of bilateral erector spinae block on quality of recovery and pain after thoracolumbar decompression. We randomly allocated 60 adults to standard care or erector spinae block. Erector spinae block improved the mean (SD) quality of recovery-15 score at 24 postoperative hours, from 119 (20) to 132 (14), an increase (95%CI) of 13 (4–22), p = 0.0044. Median (IQR [range]) comprehensive complication index was 1 (0–3 [0–5]) in the control group vs. 1 (0–1 [0–4]) after block, p = 0.4. Erector spinae block reduced mean (SD) area under the curve pain during the first 24 postoperative hours: at rest, from 78 (49) to 50 (39), p = 0.018; and on sitting, from 125 (51) to 91 (50), p = 0.009. The cumulative mean (SD) oxycodone consumption to 24 h was 27 (18) mg in the control group and 19 (26) mg after block, p = 0.20. In conclusion, erector spinae block improved recovery and reduced pain for 24 h after thoracolumbar decompression surgery.     

A new interstitial deletion of chromosome No. 4 del(4) (q22::q25)

A female child is described with multiple anomalies including epicanthus, frontal bossing, short sternum, polydactyly, cleft of the larynx, renal cysts, and unusual dermatoglyphics. She died aged 3 months and was found to have a unique de novo deletion of chromosome No. 4 (q22-q25). This case is compared with other long arm deletions of 4q and reference made to assignment of genetic markers to chromosome No. 4.